Common Practices¶
This section documents common practices when using Scrapy. These are things that cover many topics and don’t often fall into any other specific section.
Run Scrapy from a script¶
You can use the API to run Scrapy from a script, instead of
the typical way of running Scrapy via scrapy crawl
.
Remember that Scrapy is built on top of the Twisted asynchronous networking library, so you need to run it inside the Twisted reactor.
The first utility you can use to run your spiders is
scrapy.crawler.CrawlerProcess
. This class will start a Twisted reactor
for you, configuring the logging and setting shutdown handlers. This class is
the one used by all Scrapy commands.
Here’s an example showing how to run a single spider with it.
import scrapy
from scrapy.crawler import CrawlerProcess
class MySpider(scrapy.Spider):
# Your spider definition
...
process = CrawlerProcess(
settings={
"FEEDS": {
"items.json": {"format": "json"},
},
}
)
process.crawl(MySpider)
process.start() # the script will block here until the crawling is finished
Define settings within dictionary in CrawlerProcess. Make sure to check CrawlerProcess
documentation to get acquainted with its usage details.
If you are inside a Scrapy project there are some additional helpers you can
use to import those components within the project. You can automatically import
your spiders passing their name to CrawlerProcess
, and
use get_project_settings
to get a Settings
instance with your project settings.
What follows is a working example of how to do that, using the testspiders project as example.
from scrapy.crawler import CrawlerProcess
from scrapy.utils.project import get_project_settings
process = CrawlerProcess(get_project_settings())
# 'followall' is the name of one of the spiders of the project.
process.crawl("followall", domain="scrapy.org")
process.start() # the script will block here until the crawling is finished
There’s another Scrapy utility that provides more control over the crawling
process: scrapy.crawler.CrawlerRunner
. This class is a thin wrapper
that encapsulates some simple helpers to run multiple crawlers, but it won’t
start or interfere with existing reactors in any way.
Using this class the reactor should be explicitly run after scheduling your
spiders. It’s recommended you use CrawlerRunner
instead of CrawlerProcess
if your application is
already using Twisted and you want to run Scrapy in the same reactor.
Note that you will also have to shutdown the Twisted reactor yourself after the
spider is finished. This can be achieved by adding callbacks to the deferred
returned by the CrawlerRunner.crawl
method.
Here’s an example of its usage, along with a callback to manually stop the
reactor after MySpider
has finished running.
from twisted.internet import reactor
import scrapy
from scrapy.crawler import CrawlerRunner
from scrapy.utils.log import configure_logging
class MySpider(scrapy.Spider):
# Your spider definition
...
configure_logging({"LOG_FORMAT": "%(levelname)s: %(message)s"})
runner = CrawlerRunner()
d = runner.crawl(MySpider)
d.addBoth(lambda _: reactor.stop())
reactor.run() # the script will block here until the crawling is finished
See also
Running multiple spiders in the same process¶
By default, Scrapy runs a single spider per process when you run scrapy
crawl
. However, Scrapy supports running multiple spiders per process using
the internal API.
Here is an example that runs multiple spiders simultaneously:
import scrapy
from scrapy.crawler import CrawlerProcess
from scrapy.utils.project import get_project_settings
class MySpider1(scrapy.Spider):
# Your first spider definition
...
class MySpider2(scrapy.Spider):
# Your second spider definition
...
settings = get_project_settings()
process = CrawlerProcess(settings)
process.crawl(MySpider1)
process.crawl(MySpider2)
process.start() # the script will block here until all crawling jobs are finished
Same example using CrawlerRunner
:
import scrapy
from twisted.internet import reactor
from scrapy.crawler import CrawlerRunner
from scrapy.utils.log import configure_logging
from scrapy.utils.project import get_project_settings
class MySpider1(scrapy.Spider):
# Your first spider definition
...
class MySpider2(scrapy.Spider):
# Your second spider definition
...
configure_logging()
settings = get_project_settings()
runner = CrawlerRunner(settings)
runner.crawl(MySpider1)
runner.crawl(MySpider2)
d = runner.join()
d.addBoth(lambda _: reactor.stop())
reactor.run() # the script will block here until all crawling jobs are finished
Same example but running the spiders sequentially by chaining the deferreds:
from twisted.internet import reactor, defer
from scrapy.crawler import CrawlerRunner
from scrapy.utils.log import configure_logging
from scrapy.utils.project import get_project_settings
class MySpider1(scrapy.Spider):
# Your first spider definition
...
class MySpider2(scrapy.Spider):
# Your second spider definition
...
settings = get_project_settings()
configure_logging(settings)
runner = CrawlerRunner(settings)
@defer.inlineCallbacks
def crawl():
yield runner.crawl(MySpider1)
yield runner.crawl(MySpider2)
reactor.stop()
crawl()
reactor.run() # the script will block here until the last crawl call is finished
Different spiders can set different values for the same setting, but when they run in the same process it may be impossible, by design or because of some limitations, to use these different values. What happens in practice is different for different settings:
SPIDER_LOADER_CLASS
and the ones used by its value (SPIDER_MODULES
,SPIDER_LOADER_WARN_ONLY
for the default one) cannot be read from the per-spider settings. These are applied when theCrawlerRunner
orCrawlerProcess
object is created.For
TWISTED_REACTOR
andASYNCIO_EVENT_LOOP
the first available value is used, and if a spider requests a different reactor an exception will be raised. These are applied when the reactor is installed.For
REACTOR_THREADPOOL_MAXSIZE
,DNS_RESOLVER
and the ones used by the resolver (DNSCACHE_ENABLED
,DNSCACHE_SIZE
,DNS_TIMEOUT
for ones included in Scrapy) the first available value is used. These are applied when the reactor is started.
See also
Distributed crawls¶
Scrapy doesn’t provide any built-in facility for running crawls in a distribute (multi-server) manner. However, there are some ways to distribute crawls, which vary depending on how you plan to distribute them.
If you have many spiders, the obvious way to distribute the load is to setup many Scrapyd instances and distribute spider runs among those.
If you instead want to run a single (big) spider through many machines, what you usually do is partition the urls to crawl and send them to each separate spider. Here is a concrete example:
First, you prepare the list of urls to crawl and put them into separate files/urls:
http://somedomain.com/urls-to-crawl/spider1/part1.list
http://somedomain.com/urls-to-crawl/spider1/part2.list
http://somedomain.com/urls-to-crawl/spider1/part3.list
Then you fire a spider run on 3 different Scrapyd servers. The spider would
receive a (spider) argument part
with the number of the partition to
crawl:
curl http://scrapy1.mycompany.com:6800/schedule.json -d project=myproject -d spider=spider1 -d part=1
curl http://scrapy2.mycompany.com:6800/schedule.json -d project=myproject -d spider=spider1 -d part=2
curl http://scrapy3.mycompany.com:6800/schedule.json -d project=myproject -d spider=spider1 -d part=3
Avoiding getting banned¶
Some websites implement certain measures to prevent bots from crawling them, with varying degrees of sophistication. Getting around those measures can be difficult and tricky, and may sometimes require special infrastructure. Please consider contacting commercial support if in doubt.
Here are some tips to keep in mind when dealing with these kinds of sites:
rotate your user agent from a pool of well-known ones from browsers (google around to get a list of them)
disable cookies (see
COOKIES_ENABLED
) as some sites may use cookies to spot bot behaviouruse download delays (2 or higher). See
DOWNLOAD_DELAY
setting.if possible, use Common Crawl to fetch pages, instead of hitting the sites directly
use a pool of rotating IPs. For example, the free Tor project or paid services like ProxyMesh. An open source alternative is scrapoxy, a super proxy that you can attach your own proxies to.
use a ban avoidance service, such as Zyte API, which provides a Scrapy plugin and additional features, like AI web scraping
If you are still unable to prevent your bot getting banned, consider contacting commercial support.